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Monday, August 8, 2011

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Saturday, August 6, 2011

vitamin d

NaturalNews) Since the 1980s, physicians and cancer groups have regularly warned the public against the potential health dangers of direct sunlight on skin. As a result, many people have stayed out of the sunlight completely, covered their limbs even in warm weather or slathered themselves with UV protection products, all in the interest of lowering their risk of melanomas.

However, more recent findings indicate that this kind of nearly vampiric avoidance of the sun may not benefit your cancer odds after all.

A 2009 study by a group of Leeds University researchers found that higher levels of Vitamin D were linked to improved skin cancer survival odds. Other studies have found that Vitamin D has a connection to a strong immune response in the body. In fact, Vitamin D may hasten the death of tumor cells.

Unfortunately, most people have low levels of Vitamin D, leaving them at higher risk for a host of diseases including breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer, cervical cancer, rickets and osteoporosis. (For more in-depth information on this, see this report: http://www.naturalnews.com/rr-sunli...)

"It's common for the general public to have low levels of vitamin D in many countries," said Professor Julia Newton Bishop of the Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine and author of the Leeds study. "Melanoma patients tend to avoid the sun as sunburn is known to increase the risk of melanoma. We use sunshine to make vitamin D in the skin, so melanoma patients' levels of vitamin D may be especially low."

Bishop also noted that people can get more Vitamin D through dietary sources such as fatty fish. She points out that balance is key, as extremely high levels of Vitamin D can have a negative effect on health.

The mainstream media continues to run stories every summer warning people against the sun even two years after the Leeds study. While hours of sunbathing may be risky behavior for your long-term health, receiving a moderate amount of sunlight while out gardening or walking is actually as good for you as eating a low-fat diet and engaging in regular exercise. In fact, laying off the sunscreen may help you not only absorb sunshine into your skin to help fight tumors, but also helps you avoid the chemicals in most commercial sun blocking products. Some studies have indicated that these chemicals can actually generate harmful free radicals in the body.

So this summer, relax, and enjoy the sunshine.

Sources for this article include:

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/032533_sun_exposure_skin_cancer.html#ixzz1UG8mnkSQ

refresing of your mind

(NaturalNews) A new study by researchers at Wake Forest University has shown that daily consumption of beetroot juice can promote brain health in older adults - a finding that could have great potential for combating the mental decline common in the elderly. The new findings add to a growing list of healthy benefits which have been attributed to regular consumption of beetroot juice.

The new study, which is being published in Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry, the peer-reviewed journal of the Nitric Oxide Society, is the first to find a link between consumption of nitrate-rich beet juice and increased blood flow to the brain.

"There have been several very high-profile studies showing that drinking beet juice can lower blood pressure, but we wanted to show that drinking beet juice also increases perfusion, or blood flow, to the brain," said Daniel Kim-Shapiro, director of Wake Forest University's Translational Science Center; Fostering Independence in Aging. "There are areas in the brain that become poorly perfused as you age, and that's believed to be associated with dementia and poor cognition."

In the study, researchers looked at how dietary nitrates affected 14 adults age 70 and older over a period of four days. On the first day of the study, subjects fasted for 10 hours and then reported to the lab, completed a health status report, and consumed either a high or low nitrate breakfast. The high nitrate breakfast included 16 ounces of beet juice. The subjects were sent home with lunch, dinner and snacks which conformed to their assigned diets.

The following day, after another 10-hour fast, the subjects returned to the lab and again ate their assigned breakfasts. One hour after breakfast, an MRI was used to record the blood flow in each subject's brain. In addition, blood tests before and after breakfast measured nitrite levels in the body.

For the third and fourth days of the study, the researchers switched the two groups' diets and repeated the process for each subject. The MRI measurements showed that after eating a high-nitrate diet, the older adults had increased blood flow to the area of the frontal lobes, which are commonly associated with degeneration that leads to dementia and other age-related cognitive decline.

"I think these results are consistent and encouraging -- that good diet consisting of a lot of fruits and vegetables can contribute to overall good health," said Gary Miller, one of the senior investigators on the study and an associate professor in the Department of Health and Exercise Science.

High concentrations of nitrates are found in beets, as well as in celery, cabbage and other leafy green vegetables like spinach and some lettuce. When you eat high-nitrate foods, good bacteria in the mouth turn nitrate into nitrite. Research has found that nitrites can help open up the blood vessels in the body and increase blood flow and oxygen specifically to places that are lacking oxygen.

Beetroot juice has also been found to lower blood pressure and maintain healthy blood pressure levels. In a 2008 study, volunteers showed significant decreases in blood pressure within three hours of drinking 500 milliliters (about 17 ounces) of beetroot juice - and the drop in blood pressure was maintained for up to 24 hours after the juice was consumed.

In addition to promoting brain function and lowering blood pressure, beets also help protect against cancer(especially colon cancer), help cleanse the bowels, help strengthen the gall bladder, increase stamina and more.

To learn more about the benefits of beetroot juice and beets, see:

"Enjoy the Many Healthy Benefits of Beets and Beetroot Juice"
http://www.naturalnews.com/030052_b...

Sources included:

http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11...
http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/co...
http://www.naturalnews.com/030052_b...

About the author

Tony Isaacs, is a natural health author, advocate and researcher who hosts The Best Years in Life website for those who wish to avoid prescription drugs and mainstream managed illness and live longer, healthier and happier lives naturally. Mr. Isaacs is the author of books and articles about natural health, longevity and beating cancer including "Cancer's Natural Enemy" and is working on a major book project due to be published later this year. He is also a contributing author for the worldwide advocacy group "S.A N.E.Vax. Inc" which endeavors to uncover the truth about HPV vaccine dangers.
Mr. Isaacs is currently residing in scenic East Texas and frequently commutes to the even more scenic Texas hill country near Austin and San Antonio to give lectures and health seminars. He also hosts the CureZone "Ask Tony Isaacs - featuring Luella May" forum as well as the Yahoo Health Group "Oleander Soup" and he serves as a consultant to the "Utopia Silver Supplement Company".

Stay informed! FREE subscription to the Health Ranger's email newsletter
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Articles Related to This Article:

• The amazing new Hurom Slow Juicer will revolutionize the way you make fresh juice

• The top ten consumer questions about superfruit juices: Pomegranate, blueberry, acai and cherry

• New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

• Kitchen Appliance Review: Breville Juice Extractors Put to the Test

• Heal yourself in 15 days with the Health Ranger's living juice recipe (part five)

• Important questions about Zrii and other multi-level marketing superfruit juice products
Related video from NaturalNews.TV


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• The amazing new Hurom Slow Juicer will revolutionize the way you make fresh juice

• The top ten consumer questions about superfruit juices: Pomegranate, blueberry, acai and cherry

• New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

• Kitchen Appliance Review: Breville Juice Extractors Put to the Test

• Heal yourself in 15 days with the Health Ranger's living juice recipe (part five)

• Important questions about Zrii and other multi-level marketing superfruit juice products

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Most Popular
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Join the social media revolt against government raids on raw milk
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See all Top Headlines...(NaturalNews) A new study by researchers at Wake Forest University has shown that daily consumption of beetroot juice can promote brain health in older adults - a finding that could have great potential for combating the mental decline common in the elderly. The new findings add to a growing list of healthy benefits which have been attributed to regular consumption of beetroot juice.

The new study, which is being published in Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry, the peer-reviewed journal of the Nitric Oxide Society, is the first to find a link between consumption of nitrate-rich beet juice and increased blood flow to the brain.

"There have been several very high-profile studies showing that drinking beet juice can lower blood pressure, but we wanted to show that drinking beet juice also increases perfusion, or blood flow, to the brain," said Daniel Kim-Shapiro, director of Wake Forest University's Translational Science Center; Fostering Independence in Aging. "There are areas in the brain that become poorly perfused as you age, and that's believed to be associated with dementia and poor cognition."

In the study, researchers looked at how dietary nitrates affected 14 adults age 70 and older over a period of four days. On the first day of the study, subjects fasted for 10 hours and then reported to the lab, completed a health status report, and consumed either a high or low nitrate breakfast. The high nitrate breakfast included 16 ounces of beet juice. The subjects were sent home with lunch, dinner and snacks which conformed to their assigned diets.

The following day, after another 10-hour fast, the subjects returned to the lab and again ate their assigned breakfasts. One hour after breakfast, an MRI was used to record the blood flow in each subject's brain. In addition, blood tests before and after breakfast measured nitrite levels in the body.

For the third and fourth days of the study, the researchers switched the two groups' diets and repeated the process for each subject. The MRI measurements showed that after eating a high-nitrate diet, the older adults had increased blood flow to the area of the frontal lobes, which are commonly associated with degeneration that leads to dementia and other age-related cognitive decline.

"I think these results are consistent and encouraging -- that good diet consisting of a lot of fruits and vegetables can contribute to overall good health," said Gary Miller, one of the senior investigators on the study and an associate professor in the Department of Health and Exercise Science.

High concentrations of nitrates are found in beets, as well as in celery, cabbage and other leafy green vegetables like spinach and some lettuce. When you eat high-nitrate foods, good bacteria in the mouth turn nitrate into nitrite. Research has found that nitrites can help open up the blood vessels in the body and increase blood flow and oxygen specifically to places that are lacking oxygen.

Beetroot juice has also been found to lower blood pressure and maintain healthy blood pressure levels. In a 2008 study, volunteers showed significant decreases in blood pressure within three hours of drinking 500 milliliters (about 17 ounces) of beetroot juice - and the drop in blood pressure was maintained for up to 24 hours after the juice was consumed.

In addition to promoting brain function and lowering blood pressure, beets also help protect against cancer(especially colon cancer), help cleanse the bowels, help strengthen the gall bladder, increase stamina and more.

To learn more about the benefits of beetroot juice and beets, see:

"Enjoy the Many Healthy Benefits of Beets and Beetroot Juice"
http://www.naturalnews.com/030052_b...

Sources included:

http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11...
http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/co...
http://www.naturalnews.com/030052_b...

About the author

Tony Isaacs, is a natural health author, advocate and researcher who hosts The Best Years in Life website for those who wish to avoid prescription drugs and mainstream managed illness and live longer, healthier and happier lives naturally. Mr. Isaacs is the author of books and articles about natural health, longevity and beating cancer including "Cancer's Natural Enemy" and is working on a major book project due to be published later this year. He is also a contributing author for the worldwide advocacy group "S.A N.E.Vax. Inc" which endeavors to uncover the truth about HPV vaccine dangers.
Mr. Isaacs is currently residing in scenic East Texas and frequently commutes to the even more scenic Texas hill country near Austin and San Antonio to give lectures and health seminars. He also hosts the CureZone "Ask Tony Isaacs - featuring Luella May" forum as well as the Yahoo Health Group "Oleander Soup" and he serves as a consultant to the "Utopia Silver Supplement Company".

Stay informed! FREE subscription to the Health Ranger's email newsletter
Breaking news • Natural cures • Food safety alerts • Food discounts • Herbal remedies • Health freedom
Join two million monthly readers. Email privacy 100% protected. Unsubscribe at any time.
Articles Related to This Article:

• The amazing new Hurom Slow Juicer will revolutionize the way you make fresh juice

• The top ten consumer questions about superfruit juices: Pomegranate, blueberry, acai and cherry

• New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

• Kitchen Appliance Review: Breville Juice Extractors Put to the Test

• Heal yourself in 15 days with the Health Ranger's living juice recipe (part five)

• Important questions about Zrii and other multi-level marketing superfruit juice products
Related video from NaturalNews.TV


Your NaturalNews.TV video could be here.
Upload your own videos at NaturalNews.TV (FREE)

Related Articles:

• The amazing new Hurom Slow Juicer will revolutionize the way you make fresh juice

• The top ten consumer questions about superfruit juices: Pomegranate, blueberry, acai and cherry

• New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

• Kitchen Appliance Review: Breville Juice Extractors Put to the Test

• Heal yourself in 15 days with the Health Ranger's living juice recipe (part five)

• Important questions about Zrii and other multi-level marketing superfruit juice products

Take Action: Support NaturalNews.com

Email this article to a friend

Share this article on: NewsVine | digg | del.icio.us

Permalink to this article:

Reprinting this article: Non-commercial use OK, cite NaturalNews.com with clickable link.

Embed article link: (copy HTML code below):

Most Popular
Today | Week | Month | Year
Rawesome Foods founder to be prosecuted under special environmental crimes unit in LA
In time of accelerating economic collapse, the police state targets health food buying clubs rather than real criminals
Rawesome Foods small victory: James Stewart bail reduced to $30,000, Victoria Bloch released from jail
Repulsed by raw: FDA, CDC lies about unpasteurized milk
Breaking news: Multi-agency armed raid hits Rawesome Foods, Healthy Family Farms for selling raw milk and cheese
Raw Milk Police Lineup (comic)
Breaking News: Rawesome Foods raid victims stripped of First Amendment rights with court gag order
U.S. soldiers dangerously over-medicated with antipsychotic drugs
Post-raid video features interviews of Rawesome Foods members; sense of dismay over police state destruction of natural food
Debt ceiling deal does little to cut real spending
Join the social media revolt against government raids on raw milk
Try gallstone flushing before gallbladder removal
Cancer is curable NOW! Thirty experts reveal most advanced and effective cancer treatments and cures available today
TSA agent commits felony by pretending to be police officer, harassing woman for driving too slow
Photos from Rawesome Foods raid prove government agents illegally stole entire inventory of buyer's club
See all Top Headlines...



Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/031711_beetroot_juice_brain_health.html#ixzz1UG5LbRLS



Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/031711_beetroot_juice_brain_health.html#ixzz1UG5LbRLS

Friday, August 5, 2011

history medicine


Main article: Timeline of medicine and medical technology
Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants (herbalism), animal parts and minerals. In many cases these materials were used ritually as magical substances by priests, shamans, or medicine men. Well-known spiritual systems include animism (the notion of inanimate objects having spirits), spiritualism (an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); shamanism (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and divination (magically obtaining the truth). The field of medical anthropology examines the ways in which culture and society are organized around or impacted by issues of health, health care and related issues.


Statuette of ancient Egyptian physician Imhotep, the first physician from antiquity known by name.


An ancient Greek patient gets medical treatment: this aryballos (circa 480-470 BCE, now in Paris's Louvre Museum) probably contained healing oil
Early records on medicine have been discovered from ancient Egyptian medicine, Babylonian medicine, Ayurvedic medicine (in the Indian subcontinent), classical Chinese medicine (predecessor to the modern traditional Chinese Medicine), and ancient Greek medicine and Roman medicine. The Egyptian Imhotep (3rd millennium BC) is the first physician in history known by name. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in Sri Lanka where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.[4][5] The Indian surgeon Sushruta described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of plastic surgery.[6][dubious – discuss][7]


The Greek physician Hippocrates (ca. 460 BCE – ca. 370 BCE), considered the father of Western medicine.[8][9]
The Greek physician Hippocrates, the "father of medicine",[9][10] laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence".[11][12]
The Greek physician Galen was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
After 750 CE, the Muslim Arab world had the works of Hippocrates, Galen and Sushruta translated into Arabic, and Islamic physicians engaged in some significant medical research. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the polymath, Avicenna, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the "father of medicine".[13][14] He wrote The Canon of Medicine, considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine.[15] Others include Abulcasis,[16] Avenzoar,[17] Ibn al-Nafis,[18] and Averroes.[19] Rhazes[20] was one of first to question the Greek theory of humorism, which nevertheless remained influential in both medieval Western and medieval Islamic medicine.[21] The Islamic Bimaristan hospitals were an early example of public hospitals.[22][23]
However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century Black Death was just as devastating to the Middle East as to Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East.[24] In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey.
The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the Black Death in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the 'traditional authority' approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general - see Copernicus's rejection of Ptolemy's theories on astronomy). Physicians like Vesalius improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past.
Andreas Vesalius was an author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica.[25] French surgeon Ambroise Paré is considered as one of the fathers of surgery. Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed with a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field microbiology.[26] Partly based on the works by the Italian surgeon and anatomist Matteo Realdo Colombo the English physician William Harvey described the circulatory system.[27] Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a "father of physiology" due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae' (1708). It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry".[28]
Modern scientific biomedical research (where results are testable and reproducible) began to replace early Western traditions based on herbalism, the Greek "four humours" and other such pre-modern notions. The modern era really began with Edward Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 18th century (inspired by the method of inoculation earlier practiced in Asia), Robert Koch's discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of antibiotics around 1900.
The post-18th century modernity period brought more groundbreaking researchers from Europe. From Germany and Austria, doctors Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner and Otto Loewi made notable contributions. In the United Kingdom, Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick and Florence Nightingale are considered important. Spanish doctor Santiago Ramón y Cajal is considered the father of modern neuroscience.
From New Zealand and Australia came Maurice Wilkins, Howard Florey, and Frank Macfarlane Burnet.
In the United States, William Williams Keen, William Coley, James D. Watson, Italy (Salvador Luria), Switzerland (Alexandre Yersin), Japan (Kitasato Shibasaburō), and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard, Paul Broca and others did significant work). Russian Nikolai Korotkov also did significant work, as did Sir William Osler and Harvey Cushing.
As science and technology developed, medicine became more reliant upon medications. Throughout history and in Europe right until the late 18th century, not only animal and plant products were used as medicine, but also human body parts and fluids.[29] Pharmacology developed from herbalism and many drugs are still derived from plants (atropine, ephedrine, warfarin, aspirin, digoxin, vinca alkaloids, taxol, hyoscine, etc.). Vaccines were discovered by Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur.
The first antibiotic was arsphenamine / Salvarsan discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1908 after he observed that bacteria took up toxic dyes that human cells did not. The first major class of antibiotics was the sulfa drugs, derived by French chemists originally from azo dyes.
Pharmacology has become increasingly sophisticated; modern biotechnology allows drugs targeted towards specific physiological processes to be developed, sometimes designed for compatibility with the body to reduce side-effects. Genomics and knowledge of human genetics is having some influence on medicine, as the causative genes of most monogenic genetic disorders have now been identified, and the development of techniques in molecular biology and genetics are influencing medical technology, practice and decision-making.
Evidence-based medicine is a contemporary movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The movement is facilitated by modern global information science, which allows as much of the available evidence as possible to be collected and analyzed according to standard protocols that are then disseminated to healthcare providers. The Cochrane Collaboration leads this movement. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that, according to two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.[30]

code of hummurabby

Code of Hammurabi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Code on clay tablet

Code on diorite stele
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code, dating to ca. 1700 BC (short chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone stele and various clay tablets. The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis)[1] as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free man.[2]
Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract, establishing for example the wages to be paid to ox driver or a surgeon. Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, establishing the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. Approximately a third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behavior. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently.[3] A handful of provisions address issues related to military service.
One nearly complete example of the Code survives today, on a diorite stele in the shape of a huge index finger,[4] 2.25 m or 7.4 ft tall (see images at right). The Code is inscribed in the Akkadian language, using cuneiform script carved into the stele, today on display in the Louvre, in Paris.

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

hp

Selain berfungsi untuk melakukan dan menerima panggilan telepon, ponsel umumnya juga mempunyai fungsi pengiriman dan penerimaan pesan singkat (short message service, SMS). Ada pula penyedia jasa telepon genggam di beberapa negara yang menyediakan layanan generasi ketiga (3G) dengan menambahkan jasa videophone, sebagai alat pembayaran, maupun untuk televisi online di telepon genggam mereka. Sekarang, telepon genggam menjadi gadget yang multifungsi. Mengikuti perkembangan teknologi digital, kini ponsel juga dilengkapi dengan berbagai pilihan fitur, seperti bisa menangkap siaran radio dan televisi, perangkat lunak pemutar audio (MP3) dan video, kamera digital, game, dan layanan internet (WAP, GPRS, 3G). Selain fitur-fitur tersebut, ponsel sekarang sudah ditanamkan fitur komputer. Jadi di ponsel tersebut, orang bisa mengubah fungsi ponsel tersebut menjadi mini komputer. Di dunia bisnis, fitur ini sangat membantu bagi para pebisnis untuk melakukan semua pekerjaan di satu tempat dan membuat pekerjaan tersebut diselesaikan dalam waktu yang singkat.
Dewasa ini, peranan ponsel sudah menjadi sebuah kebutuhan Primer Sehari-hari, berikut kategori ponsel berdasarkan Fungsi :
Ponsel Bisnis Ponsel jenis ini ditujukan untuk anda yang menginginkan perangkat bisnis dalam genggaman anda, biasanya ponsel yang telah memiliki kemampuan ini tergolong ponsel pintar "smartphone". Beragai aplikasi bisnis terdapat dalam ponsel ini dan dapat membuat pekerjaan kantor anda dapat dilihat dan dikerjakan dalam sebuah ponsel.
Ponsel Hiburan Ponsel Jenis ini merupakan ponsel berjenis multimedia, dimana semua aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan musik, seni, foto, sosial dan lainnya dapat anda atasi dengan sebuah ponsel. Banyak Ponsel jenis ini yang memiliki varian nya tersendiri, seperti Ponsel Musik, Ponsel Kamera, dan Ponsel Internet Sosial.
Ponsel Fashion Ponsel jenis ini lebih banyak mengandalkan tampilannya, dan dapat membuat pemiliknya sangat puas meskipun dengan fitur yang terkesan "seadanya". Tetapi dibalik itu semua, sebuah Ponsel Fashion dapat berharga berkali kali lipat dari harga ponsel tercanggih. Dewasa ini dapat ditemukan ponsel yang berharga lebih mahal dari harga sebuah kendaraan bahkan lebih mahal dari harga sebuah rumah.
Ponsel Standar Ponsel jenis ini diperuntukan untuk anda yang menginginkan ponsel yang simpel, fitur yang disematkan dalam ponsel ini merupakan fitur inti, tanpa teknologi baru yang disematkan.
[sunting]Perkembangan

Tuesday, August 2, 2011

zakat

Yang berkewajiban membayar

Pada prinsipnya seperti definisi di atas, setiap muslim diwajibkan untuk mengeluarkan zakat fitrah untuk dirinya , keluarganya dan orang lain yang menjadi tanggungannya baik orang dewasa, anak kecil, laki-laki maupun wanita. Berikut adalah syarat yang menyebabkan individu wajib membayar zakat fitrah:
Individu yang mempunyai kelebihan makanan atau hartanya dari keperluan tanggungannya pada malam dan pagi hari raya.
Anak yang lahir sebelum matahari jatuh pada akhir bulan Ramadan dan hidup selepas terbenam matahari.
Memeluk Islam sebelum terbenam matahari pada akhir bulan Ramadan dan tetap dalam Islamnya.
Seseorang yang meninggal selepas terbenam matahari akhir Ramadan.
[sunting]Besar Zakat

Besar zakat yang dikeluarkan menurut para ulama adalah sesuai penafsiran terhadap hadits adalah sebesar satu sha' atau kira-kira setara dengan 3,5 liter atau 2.5 kg makanan pokok (tepung, kurma, gandum, aqith) atau yang biasa dikonsumsi di daerah bersangkutan (Mazhab syafi'i dan Maliki)[1]
[sunting]Waktu Pengeluaran

Zakat Fitrah dikeluarkan pada bulan Ramadan, paling lambat sebelum orang-orang selesai menunaikan Salat Ied. Jika waktu penyerahan melewati batas ini maka yang diserahkan tersebut tidak termasuk dalam kategori zakat melainkan sedekah biasa.
[sunting]Penerima Zakat

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Zakat#Yang berhak menerima
Penerima Zakat secara umum ditetapkan dalam 8 golongan/asnaf (fakir, miskin, amil, muallaf, hamba sahaya, gharimin, fisabilillah, ibnu sabil) namun menurut beberapa ulama khusus untuk zakat fitrah mesti didahulukan kepada dua golongan pertama yakni fakir dan miskin. Pendapat ini disandarkan dengan alasan bahwa jumlah/nilai zakat yang sangat kecil sementara salah satu tujuannya dikelurakannya zakat fitrah adalah agar para fakir dan miskin dapat ikut merayakan hari raya dan saling berbagi sesama umat islam.
[sunting]Sumber Hadits berkenaan dengan Zakat Fitrah

Diriwayatkan dari Ibnu Umar t.ia berkata : Rasulullah telah mewajibkan zakat fithrah dari bulan Ramadan satu sha' dari kurma, atau satu sha' dari sya'iir. atas seorang hamba, seorang merdeka, laki-laki, wanita, anak kecil dan orang dewasa dari kaum muslilmin. (H.R : Al-Bukhary dan Muslim)
Diriwayatkan dari Umar bin Nafi' dari ayahnya dari Ibnu Umar ia berkata ; Rasulullah telah mewajibkan zakat fithrah satu sha' dari kurma atau satu sha' dari sya'iir atas seorang hamba, merdeka, laki-laki, wanita, anak kecil dan orang dewasa dari kaum muslimin dan beliau memerintahkan agar di tunaikan / dikeluarkan sebelum manusia keluar untuk salat 'ied. (H. R : Al-Bukhary, Abu Daud dan Nasa'i)
Diriwayatkan dari Ibnu Abbas ra. ia berkata : Rasulullah saw telah memfardhukan zakat fithrah untuk membersihkan orang yang shaum dari perbuatan sia-sia dan dari perkataan keji dan untuk memberi makan orang miskin. Barang siapa yang mengeluarkannya sebelum salat, maka ia berarti zakat yang di terima dan barang siapa yang mengeluarkannya sesudah salat 'ied, maka itu berarti shadaqah seperti shadaqah biasa (bukan zakat fithrah). (H.R : Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah dan Daaruquthni)
Diriwayatkan dari Hisyam bin urwah dari ayahnya dari Abu Hurairah ra. dari Nabi saw. bersabda : Tangan di atas (memberi dan menolong) lebih baik daripada tangan di bawah (meminta-minta), mulailah orang yang menjadi tanggunganmu (keluarga dll) dan sebaik-baik shadaqah adalah yang di keluarkan dari kelebihan kekayaan (yang di perlukan oleh keluarga) (H.R : Al-Bukhary dan Ahmad)
Diriwayatkan dari Ibnu Umar ra. ia berkata : Rasulullah sw. memerintahkan untuk mengeluarkan zakat fithrah unutk anak kecil, orang dewasa, orang merdeka dan hamba sahaya dari orang yang kamu sediakan makanan mereka (tanggunganmu). (H.R : Daaruquthni, hadits hasan)
Artinya : Diriwayatkan dari Nafi' t. berkata : Adalah Ibnu Umar menyerahkan (zakat fithrah) kepada mereka yang menerimanya (panitia penerima zakat fithrah / amil) dan mereka (para sahabat) menyerahkan zakat fithrah sehari atau dua hari sebelum 'iedil fitri. (H.R.Al-Bukhary)
Diriwayatkan dari Nafi' : Bahwa sesungguhnya Abdullah bin Umar menyuruh orang mengeluarkan zakat fithrah kepada petugas yang kepadanya zakat fithrah di kumpulkan (amil) dua hari atau tiga hari sebelum hari raya fitri. (H.R: Malik)
[sunting]Hikmah disyari'atkannya Zakat Fitrah

Di antara hikmah disyari'atkannya zakat fitrah [2] adalah:
Zakat fitrah merupakan zakat diri, di mana Allah memberikan umur panjang baginya sehingga ia bertahan dengan nikmat-l\lya.
Zakat fitrah juga merupakan bentuk pertolongan kepada umat Islam, baik kaya maupun miskin sehingga mereka dapat berkonsentrasi penuh untuk beribadah kepada Allah Ta'ala dan bersukacita dengan segala anugerah nikmat-Nya.
Hikmahnya yang paling agung adalah tanda syukur orang yang berpuasa kepada Allah atas nikmat ibadah puasa. (Lihat Al Irsyaad Ila Ma'rifatil Ahkaam, oleh Syaikh Abd. Rahman bin Nashir As Sa'di, hlm. 37.)
Di antara hikmahnya adalah sebagaimana yang terkandung dalam hadits Ibnu Abbas radhiAllahu 'anhuma di atas, yaitu puasa merupakan pembersih bagi yang melakukannya dari kesia-siaan dan perkataan buruk, demikian pula sebagai salah satu sarana pemberian makan kepada fakir miskin.
[sunting]Lihat pula

herbal

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alfatihah

MUQADDIMAH Surat "Al Faatihah" (Pembukaan) yang diturunkan di Mekah dan terdiri dari 7 ayat adalah surat yang pertama-tama diturunkan dengan lengkap diantara surat-surat yang ada dalam Al Quraan dan termasuk golongan surat Makkiyyah. Surat ini disebut "Al Faatihah" (Pembukaan), karena dengan surat inilah dibuka dan dimulainya Al Quraan. Dinamakan "Ummul Quraan" (induk Al Quraan) atau "Ummul Kitaab" (induk Al Kitaab) karena dia merupakan induk dari semua isi Al Quraan, dan karena itu diwajibkan membacanya pada tiap-tiap sembahyang. Dinamakan pula "As Sab'ul matsaany" (tujuh yang berulang-ulang) karena ayatnya tujuh dan dibaca berulang-ulang dalam sembahyang. Surat ini mengandung beberapa unsur pokok yang mencerminkan seluruh isi Al Quraan, yaitu : I. Keimanan : Beriman kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa terdapat dalam ayat 2, dimana dinyatakan dengan tegas bahwa segala puji dan ucapan syukur atas suatu ni'mat itu bagi Allah, karena Allah adalah Pencipta dan sumber segala ni'mat yang terdapat dalam alam ini. Diantara ni'mat itu ialah : ni'mat menciptakan, ni'mat mendidik dan menumbuhkan, sebab kata "Rab" dalam kalimat "Rabbul-'aalamiin" tidak hanya berarti "Tuhan" atau "Penguasa", tetapi juga mengandung arti tarbiyah yaitu mendidik dan menumbuhkan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa segala ni'mat yang dilihat oleh seseorang dalam dirinya sendiri dan dalam segala alam ini bersumber dari Allah, karena Tuhan-lah Yang Maha Berkuasa di alam ini. Pendidikan, penjagaan dan Penumbuahn oleh Allah di alam ini haruslah diperhatikan dan dipikirkan oleh manusia sedalam-dalamnya, sehingga menjadi sumber pelbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan yang dapat menambah keyakinan manusia kepada keagungan dan kemuliaan Allah, serta berguna bagi masyarakat. Oleh karena keimanan (ketauhidan) itu merupakan masalah yang pokok, maka didalam surat Al Faatihah tidak cukup dinyatakan dengan isyarat saja, tetapi ditegaskan dan dilengkapi oleh ayat 5, yaitu : "Iyyaaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'iin" ( hanya Engkau-lah yang kami sembah, dan hanya kepada Engkau-lah kami mohon pertolongan). Janji memberi pahala terhadap perbuatan yang baik dan ancaman terhadap perbuatan yang buruk. Yang dimaksud dengan "Yang Menguasai Hari Pembalasan" ialah pada hari itu Allah-lah yang berkuasa, segala sesuatu tunduk kepada kebesaran-Nya sambil mengharap ni'mat dan takut kepada siksaan-Nya. Hal ini mengandung arti janji untuk memberi pahala terhadap perbuatan yang baik dan ancaman terhadap perbuatan yang buruk. "Ibadat" yang terdapat pada ayat 5 semata-mata ditujukan kepada Allah, selanjutnya lihat not 6. 2. Hukum-hukum : Jalan kebahagiaan dan bagaimana seharusnya menempuh jalan itu untuk memperoleh kebahagiaan dunia dan akhirat. Maksud "Hidayah" disini ialah hidayah yang menjadi sebab dapatnya keselamatan, kebahagiaan dunia dan akhirat, baik yang mengenai kepercayaan maupun akhlak, hukum-hukum dan pelajaran. 3. Kisah-kisah : Kisah para Nabi dan kisah orang-orang dahulu yang menentang Allah. Sebahagian besar dari ayat-ayat Al Quraan memuat kisah-kisah para Nabi dan kisah orang-orang dahulu yang menentang. Yang dimaksud dengan orang yang diberi ni'mat dalam ayat ini, ialah para Nabi, para shiddieqiin (orang- orang yang sungguh-sungguh beriman), syuhadaa' (orang- orang yang mati syahid), shaalihiin (orang-orang yang saleh). "Orang-orang yang dimurkai dan orang-orang yang sesat," ialah golongan yang menyimpang dari ajaran Islam. Perincian dari yang telah disebutkan diatas terdapat dalam ayat- ayat Al Quraan pada surat-surat yang lain.
PENUTUP Surat "Al Fatihaah" ini melengkapi unsur-unsur pokok syari'at Islam, kemudian dijelaskan perinciannya oleh ayat-ayat Al Quraan yang 113 surat berikutnya. Persesuaian surat ini dengan surat "Al Baqarah" dan surat-surat sesudahnya ialah surat Al Faatihah merupakan titik- titik pembahasan yang akan diperinci dalam surat Al Baqarah dan surat-surat yang sesudahnya. Dibahagian akhir surat "Al Faatihah" disebutkan permohonan hamba supaya diberi petunjuk oleh Tuhan ke- jalan yang lurus, sedang surat "Al Baqarah" dimulai dengan penunjukan "al Kitaab" (Al Quraan) yang cukup sempurna sebagai pedoman menuju jalan yang dimaksudkan itu.

keutamaan alquran

Keutamaan Kandungan Alqur'an
Al-Qur'an adalah wahyu Ilahi telah diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad Saw sebagai penerang petunjuk dan pedoman serta rahmat yang kekal abadi sampai hari akhir nanti sekaligus menjadi mukjizat dan bukti kebenaran risalah Rasulullah Saw. Dimana ketika mu'jizat-mu'jizat sebelumnya sirna ditelan masa musnah digilas perputaran roda zaman terkubur bersama wafatnya para Rasul pembawanya tetapi Al-Qur'an tetap tegak memancarkan nur Ilahi keseluruh persada bumi.


Perputaran dan pergantian waktu yang disertai dengan berubah dan beragamnya keadaan dan watak manusia tidak akan melunturkannya wafatnya sang panutan Rasulullah Saw pun tidak memudarkannya. Bahkan serentetan aksi pengingkaran dan penyelewengan serta pengubahan terhadap Al-Qur'an tidak membuatnya kabur sedikitpun. Itulah Al-Qur'an kitab mulia yang kekal keberadaan nya langgeng hukumnya iapun kenyal tetap sesuai dengan segala tempat bangsa dan sepanjang masa.


Betapa sempurnanya Al-Qur'an dengan hukum-hukum dan ajaran-ajaran Ilahi yg tetap aktual dan akurat. Ia berbicara tentang berbagai sudut kehidupan tentang aqidah, ibadah, akhlak, muamalah. Pergaulan sesama manusia dan alam sekitarnya tentang politik ekonomi budaya dan lain sebagainya.


Al-Qur'an satu-satunya kitab yang banyak mengandung keajaiban robbani luar biasa baik itu keindahan susunan kata dan kalimatnya ataupun gaya bahasanya tak ada yang mampu menandinginya sekalipun bangsa arab yang ahli sastera dan retorika bahkan seandainya semua manusia dan jin berkumpul dan saling menolong nicaya tidak akan mampu membuatnya. Banyak kisah-kisah di dalamnya tentang hal-hal masa lalu yg terbukti nyata pada saat sekarang ini.


Betapa agungnya Al-Qur'an dan betapa besarnya kasih sayang Allah Swt kepada kita semua maka diturunkanNya Kitab mulia yg menunjukkan manusia ke jalan yang akan menyelamatkannya sekaligus menganugerahkan keutamaan-keutamaan yang tidak terhingga di dalam menelusuri jalan tersebut. Berikut adalah berbagai macam keutamaan yang berkenaan dengan membaca Al-Qur'an dan mempelajarinya.



Keutamaan membaca Al-Qur'an ( Kitabullah)


Membaca Al-Qur'an mendatangkan rahmatnya Allah Swt " Sesungguhnya orang-orang yg selalu membaca Kitabullah dan mendirikan shalat serta menafkahkan sebagian rizqinya yang telah kami anugerahkan kepadanya secara diam-diam dan terang-terangan mereka mengharapkan suatu perniagaan yang tiada merugi agar Allah Swt menyempurnakan kepada mereka pahala mereka dan menambah kepada mereka dari karuniaNya Sesungguhnya Allah Maha pengampun lagi Maha mensyukuri". Sebagian ulama berpendapat bahwa membaca Al-Qur'an itu lebih utama dari pada membaca tasbih tahlil dan dzikir-dzikir lainnya. Perumpamaan mukmin yang membaca Al-Qur'an. Sabda Nabi Muhammad Saw "Perumpamaan seorang mukmin yang membaca Al-Qur'an ialah ibarat buah utrujjah baunya harum dan enak rasanya sedangkan perumpamaan orang mukmin yang tidak membaca Al-Qur'an adalah ibarat buah kurma tidak berbau tapi manis rasanya. Adapun perumpamaan orang munafik yg membaca Al-Qur'an ialah bagaikan wewangian baunya harum tapi pahit rasanya sedangkan perumpamaan orang munafik yangg tidak membaca Al-Qur'an adalah bagaikan buah hanzolah tidak berbau lagi pahit rasanya".


Pahala membaca Al-Qur'an. Rasulullah Saw bersabda "Barangsiapa membaca satu huruf dari Al-Qur'an dihitung untuknya satu kebaikan dan pahala satu kebaikan adalah sepuluh kali lipat. Aku tidak mengatakan "Aliif laam miim" itu satu huruf melainkan Aliif satu huruf Laam satu huruf dan Miim adalah satu huruf".


Al-Qur'an menentukan tinggi atau rendahnya tempat di surga bagi pembacanya. Sabda Nabi Muhammad Saw "Nanti akan dikatakan kepada pembaca Al-Qur'an "Bacalah dan naiklah bacalah ia dengan tartil seperti kamu mentartilkan bacaannya sewaktu di dunia. Sesungguhnya tempatmu itu adalah berdasarkan ayat terakhir yang kamu baca".


Al-Qur'an akan memberi syafa'at kepada pembacanya besok di akhirat Rasulullah Saw bersabda "Bacalah selalu Al-Qur'an sesungguhnya ia akan datang pada hari kiamat nanti untuk memberi syafa'at kepada para pembacanya".


Balasan di akhirat bagi orang tua yang anaknya selalu membaca dan mengamalkan Al-Qur'an Rasulullah Saw bersabda "Barangsiapa selalu membaca Al-Qur'an dan mengamalkannya niscaya Allah akan memakaikan mahkota kepada kedua orang tuanya besok di hari kiamat yang mana cahaya mahkota tersebut lebih indah dari cahaya matahari yang menyinari rumah-rumah dunia. Maka apakah gerangan balasan pahala yang akan dianugerahkan kepada orang yang membaca dan mengamalkan Al-Qur'an itu sendiri? " .


Membaca Al-Qur'an secara kontinyu adalah termasuk dambaan setiap muslim Oleh karena itu mereka yang tidak sempat atau tidak mampu untuk melakukannya akan merasa iri dengan yang lainnya dan inilah iri hati yg dibenarkan agama. Dalam sebuah hadits shahih Rasul Saw bersabda "Tidak diperbolehkan iri hati kecuali terhadap dua hal yakni Kepada seseorang yang dianugerahi Allah Al-Qur'an yang selalu ia lakukan siang dan malam dan kepada seseorang yang diberi Allah harta kekayaan yang selalu menafkahkannya siang dan malam".


Membaca Al-Qur'an akan mendatangkan ketenteraman ketenangan kedamaian dan rahmat Allah akan selalu menyertainya Rasulullah Saw telah bersabda "Jika ada sekelompok orang yang berkumpul di salah satu rumah Allah untuk membaca dan mempelajari kitabullah maka akan turun kepada mereka ketentraman kedamaian dan mereka akan diliputi oleh rahmat serta dikelilingi oleh para malaikat. Dan Allah SWT selalu menyebut mereka di kalangan penduduk langit".



Perlunya mempelajari dan mendalami Al-Qur'an.


Al-Qur'an adalah kitabullah yg suci wahyu Ilaahi yg telah diturunkan Allah kepada Nabi pilihan Muhammad Shallallahu 'Alaihi Wasallam sebagai rahmat dan petunjuk bagi manusia yg mengandung cahaya robani guna menerangi jalan hidup mereka. Allah SWT berfirman "Sesungguhnya Al-Qur'an ini selalu memberi petunjuk kepada jalan yg lurus". "Hai manusia sesungguhnya telah datang kepadamu bukti kebenaran dari Tuhanmu dan telah Kami turunkan cahaya yang terang benderang ". "Hai manusia sesungguhnya telah datang kepadamu pelajaran dari Tuhan-Mu dan penyembuh bagi berbagai macam penyakit dalam dada dan menjadi petunjuk serta rahmat bagi orang-orang yang beriman".


Untuk memperoleh hikmah dari turunnya Al-Qur'an kita perlu memahami nya sehingga mengerti maksud dari tiap ayat yang dikandungnya dengan jalan mempelajarinya untuk itu Allah Swt berfirman "Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami mudahkan Al-Qur'an untuk pelajaran maka adakah orang yang mengambil pelajaran?"


Ini adalah suatu jaminan mutlak dari Allah Swt yg tidak pernah diberikan kepada kitab-kitab sebelumnya suatu jaminan yg maha tinggi dan sangat berharga tersirat di dalamnya suatu bimbingan bagi mereka yg menginginkan konsep hidup yang mapan demi meraih kesejahteraan di dunia dan akherat. Rasulullah Saw selaku penerima wahyu Ilahi ini yg telah mengetahui dgn pasti tentang kebenaran Al-Qur'an memerintahkan ummatnya untuk selalu mempelajarinya sebagaimana sabdaNya "Bahwasanya Al-Qur'an ini adalah hidangan Allah SWT maka belajarlah dari hidanganNya semampu kamu".


Mempelajari Al-Qur'an tidak sebatas hanya belajar membaca saja tetapi ter masuk juga memikirkan memahami mendalami dan sekaligus melaksanakan ajaran-ajarannya. Firman Allah Ta'ala "Ini adalah sebuah Kitab yang Kami turunkan kepadamu penuh dengan berkah supaya mereka memperhatikan ayat-ayatnya dan supaya mendapat pelajaran orang-orang yg mempunyai pikiran". "Maka apakah mereka tidak memper hatikan Al-Qur'an ataukah hati mereka terkunci?"



Keutamaan mempelajari dan mendalami Al-Qur'an.


Orang yg paling baik adalah yang mempelajari Al-Qur'an kemudian mengajarkannya. Rasulullah Saw bersabda "Sebaik-baik kamu adalah orang yang mempelajari Al-Qur'an lantas mengajarkannya".


Allah Swt akan meninggikan atau merendahkan derajat suatu kaum lantaran Al-Qur'an. Sabda Rasulullah Saw "Bahwasanya lantaran Al-Qur'an ini Allah mengangkat derajat suatu kaum dan merendahkan derajat yang lainnya".


Orang yang pandai membaca Al-Qur'an dan selalu membacanya akan bersama para malaikat. Rasulullah Saw bersabda "Orang yang selalu membaca Al-Qur'an dan ia pandai dalam hal itu akan bersama para malaikat yang mulia. Sedangkan orang yang membaca Al-Qur'an dengan terbata-bata dan merasa kesulitan dalam membacanya ia akan mendapatkan dua pahala". Amin


Wallahu a'lam bishawab.



Salam, Assatidz Daarul Qur'an


Ust. A. Rochimi








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